Adenomyosis is a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows into its muscular wall. It can cause heavy periods, painful cramps, pelvic pain and bloating, and may affect fertility. Symptoms vary, but treatments are available to help manage bleeding and pain, support daily wellbeing and improve quality of life.

Amenorrhoea means the absence of menstrual periods. It may occur when periods do not start during adolescence or stop after previously occurring. Pregnancy, breastfeeding and menopause can explain absent periods, but other causes include hormonal changes or underlying health conditions. Assessment can help identify whether treatment is needed.

A C-section niche is a small pouch in the uterus wall where a previous caesarean scar has not healed fully. Also called an isthmocoele, it can collect menstrual blood, causing spotting after periods, pelvic pain or, sometimes, difficulty conceiving. Many women have no symptoms, and treatment is only needed if the niche causes problems.

Endometriosis is a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows elsewhere in the body. It can cause inflammation, scarring, cysts, pelvic pain and fertility difficulties. It commonly affects the ovaries and lining of the pelvis, but may also involve the bowel, bladder or, less commonly, areas outside the pelvis.

Fibroids are non-cancerous growths made from muscle and fibrous tissue that develop in or around the uterus. They vary in size and number, and many cause no symptoms. Others may lead to heavy periods, pelvic pressure, pain or fertility difficulties. Treatment depends on your symptoms, the fibroids’ location and your future pregnancy plans.

Irregular periods and abnormal uterine bleeding describe changes in the timing, frequency, duration or amount of menstrual bleeding. Periods may be closer together, further apart, heavier or lighter than usual, or bleeding may occur between periods. Occasional changes can happen, but persistent or unexplained bleeding should be assessed.

Menopause is when periods stop permanently as ovarian hormone levels decline. It is usually identified after 12 months without a period, when there is no other cause, and commonly occurs between ages 45 and 55. The transition beforehand is called perimenopause, when changing hormone levels can affect periods, sleep, mood and daily wellbeing.

Heavy periods, also known as menorrhagia, are menstrual bleeding that affects your physical, emotional or social wellbeing. You may need to change sanitary protection frequently, pass large clots or bleed for longer than usual. Heavy bleeding can disrupt daily activities and cause tiredness or iron deficiency, so assessment and treatment can help.

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop within or on an ovary, while tubal or paratubal cysts form in or near the fallopian tubes. Most are benign (non-cancerous) and cause no symptoms. Some may grow larger or cause pelvic pain, pressure or bloating. Monitoring or treatment depends on the cyst’s size, appearance and any symptoms it causes.

An overactive bladder causes a sudden urge to pass urine that is difficult to delay. You may need to urinate more often during the day or wake at night to use the toilet, sometimes with leakage before you get there. Symptoms can affect sleep, confidence and daily activities, but assessment and treatment can help improve bladder control.

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) refers to a group of physical, emotional and behavioural symptoms that occur in the days before a period and usually improve once menstruation begins. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is a more severe form of PMS that can have a significant impact on mood, relationships, work and daily life.

Pelvic floor dysfunction occurs when the muscles supporting the pelvic organs are weak, overly tight or do not work together properly. It can cause urine leakage, difficulty emptying the bladder or bowel, pelvic pain or discomfort during sex. Assessment helps identify the problem and guide treatment to improve muscle function and relieve symptoms.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection affecting reproductive organs such as the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. It usually develops when bacteria spread upwards from the vagina or cervix. Symptoms can include pelvic pain, unusual discharge or bleeding. Prompt treatment helps reduce the risk of pain and fertility problems.

Pelvic organ prolapse occurs when weakened muscles and supporting tissues allow pelvic organs to descend. It can involve the uterus, bladder or bowel and may cause heaviness, pressure or a vaginal bulge. Some women also notice bladder or bowel symptoms. Treatment depends on how much the prolapse affects your daily life.

Pelvic adhesions are bands of scar tissue that can make organs within the pelvis stick together. Intrauterine adhesions form inside the uterus, where its walls may stick together. They can develop after surgery, infection or inflammation and may cause pelvic pain, changes in periods or fertility difficulties, although some cause no symptoms.

Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS), previously called PCOS, is a hormonal condition affecting ovarian function and metabolic health. It can cause irregular periods, increased androgen levels and fertility difficulties. Ultrasound may show multiple small ovarian follicles. Symptoms vary, and treatment is tailored to your needs.

Postmenopausal bleeding is vaginal bleeding that occurs more than 12 months after your last natural period. It may appear as spotting, pink or brown discharge, bleeding after sex or a period-like bleed. Many causes are benign, but any bleeding after menopause should be checked promptly, even if it happens only once or involves a small amount.

Premature menopause occurs when the ovaries stop producing eggs and normal levels of reproductive hormones before the age of 40. Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) occurs when the ovaries reduce egg production, causing irregular or absent periods, low oestrogen levels and fertility difficulties.

Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) mean having two or more UTIs within six months, or three or more within a year. Symptoms may include burning when passing urine, needing to go more often and lower abdominal discomfort. Assessment can help confirm infection, identify contributing factors and guide treatment to reduce further episodes.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections passed through sexual contact, including vaginal, oral or anal sex and, for some infections, skin-to-skin contact. They may be caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites and often cause no symptoms. Testing helps identify infection so treatment or ongoing care can protect your health and partners.

Subfertility describes difficulty becoming pregnant despite regular unprotected sex. Pregnancy may still occur naturally, but it can take longer than expected or require medical support. Factors affecting either partner may contribute. Assessment can help identify possible causes and guide treatment to improve the chances of achieving pregnancy.

Urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine. It may happen when coughing, sneezing or exercising lead to a sudden urge to urinate, or involve a combination of symptoms. Leakage can affect daily activities, confidence and wellbeing. Assessment helps identify the type and cause, so treatment can be tailored to improve bladder control.

A uterine septum is a band of tissue that divides the inside of the uterus partially or completely. It develops before birth and often causes no symptoms. It may be found during investigations for fertility difficulties, recurrent miscarriage or pregnancy complications. Assessment helps determine whether treatment may be appropriate for you.

Uterine and cervical polyps are growths arising from the lining of the uterus or the cervix. They are usually benign (non-cancerous) and may occur alone or in groups. Many cause no symptoms, but some lead to heavy or irregular bleeding, bleeding after sex or after menopause. Uterine polyps may also contribute to fertility difficulties.

Vaginal and vulval lumps, lesions and cysts are growths or tissue changes affecting the vulva, vaginal opening or vaginal walls. Most are benign (non-cancerous) and may include cysts, skin tags or normal anatomical variations. A new, changing or persistent lump should be assessed to confirm its cause and establish whether treatment is needed.