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Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections that can be passed from one person to another through sexual contact. They may be caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites and can be transmitted through vaginal, oral or anal sex, as well as through skin-to-skin contact or infected bodily fluids. Some STIs can be cured with treatment, while others require ongoing management.

Commonality

Causes

STIs are caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites that are transmitted during sexual contact.


Common infections include:

  • Chlamydia

  • Gonorrhoea

  • Human papillomavirus (HPV)

  • Genital herpes (HSV)

  • Trichomoniasis

  • Syphilis

  • HIV

  • Hepatitis B

  • Hepatitis C


Factors that increase the risk of infection include:

  • Unprotected sex

  • Multiple sexual partners

  • A partner with a known STI

  • Previous sexually transmitted infections

  • A weakened immune system

  • Sharing needles or intravenous drug use


Some infections can also be passed from mother to baby during pregnancy or childbirth.

Symptoms

Many STIs cause no symptoms, which is why regular testing can be important.


When symptoms occur, they may include:

  • Unusual vaginal discharge

  • Pain or burning when passing urine

  • Pain during or after sex

  • Genital itching or irritation

  • Sores, blisters or lumps in the genital area

  • Bleeding between periods or after sex

  • Lower abdominal or pelvic pain

  • Fever, fatigue or swollen glands

Effects on Fertility

If left untreated, some sexually transmitted infections can lead to:


Early diagnosis and treatment can help reduce the risk of these complications.

Diagnosis

Testing is tailored to individual symptoms, risk factors and medical history.


Investigations may include:

  • Vaginal or cervical swabs

  • Blood tests

  • Urine tests

  • HPV testing

  • Clinical examination when symptoms are present


Swabs may be used to test for:

  • Chlamydia

  • Gonorrhoea

  • Trichomoniasis


Blood tests may be used to detect:

  • HIV

  • Syphilis

  • Hepatitis B

  • Hepatitis C

Treatments

Treatment depends on the type of infection diagnosed.


Treatment options may include:

  • Antibiotics for bacterial infections such as chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis

  • Antiviral medication for infections such as herpes and HIV which currently cannot be cured but can be managed effectively

  • Antimicrobial medication for parasitic infections such as trichomoniasis


Early treatment helps prevent complications and reduces the risk of passing the infection to others.

Ongoing Care

Living with the Condition

Receiving a diagnosis of an STI can be worrying, but many infections are treatable and manageable with appropriate care. Seeking support and medical advice early can help reduce anxiety and prevent complications.


Steps that may help reduce the risk of future infections include:

  • Consistent use of condoms

  • Limiting the number of sexual partners

  • Regular STI screening

  • Vaccination against HPV and hepatitis B

  • Open communication with sexual partners about sexual health


Education, awareness and routine testing play an important role in maintaining sexual health and wellbeing.

When to See a Specialist

You should consider STI testing or specialist assessment if:

  • You have symptoms suggestive of an STI

  • You have had unprotected vaginal, oral or anal sex

  • You have a new sexual partner

  • A current or previous partner has tested positive for an STI

  • You are planning a pregnancy

  • You have not had recent sexual health screening

  • You are concerned about a possible infection


Early testing can provide reassurance, allow prompt treatment and help prevent complications.

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